Situation 4

Three of José's friends have gotten their hands on next week's history exam. They offer to show José, but José declines. They warn him no to tell. When the three all get unusually high grades for the test, the teacher is suspicious and asks them if they cheated. They say "no." The teacher then asks the class if any of them have any knowledge of whether these three had an unfair advantage.

This situation is an example of: __________.